Bcg immunisation and the trojan horse phenomenon of vaccination. Vaccines stimulate production of antibodies and other components of the immune mechanism. Consult the tb website for current tb and bcg information. Children aged under 2 years should receive the vaccine. Vaccination, general principles treatment summary bnf. Bcg, influenza nasal spray unless stable hiv infection and receiving antiretroviral therapy, typhoid oral, yellow fever if yellow fever risk is unavoidable, specialist advice should be sought. This is achieved by giving a vaccine active immunisation or immunoglobulin passive immunisation. The green book has the latest information on vaccines and vaccination procedures for all the vaccine preventable infectious diseases that may occur in the uk. The childhood vaccination programme has been a tremendous success in northern ireland over recent years. Where there is a discrepancy in the recommendations in different chapters, the recommendation in the most recent chapter should be followed. Bcg vaccine for percutaneous use is an attenuated, live culture preparation of the bacillus of calmette and guerin bcg strain of mycobacterium bovis.
You should consider pneumococcal immunisation if you are aged over 65 years or have certain diseases of. General contraindications to vaccination public health england, august 2017. Overview of immunisations immunisation health topics. The study looked at vaccinations including bcg tuberculosis, mmr measles, mumps and rubella, hepatitis b, influenza, polio and typhoid fever. Flu vaccine prevents millions of illnesses and flurelated doctors visits each year. For information about the decision to widen access to pertussis vaccine see the pharmac website. The bcg 10 antituberculosis vaccine is supplied as an unregistered therapeutic good under section 195 of the therapeutic goods act 1989 how is the bcg vaccine given. It is injected between the layers of skin on the upper arm near the shoulder by a registered nurse who. Bcg vaccination is given by injecting a small amount of vaccine into the first layer of skin on the left upper arm. The tuberculosis chapter in the green book immunisation against infectious. Immunisation of hiv infected children issued by childrens hiv.
Those eligible for influenza vaccine on the basis of age or clinical risk should be. Immunisation schedule green book, uk bcg vaccination bordetella pertussis whooping cough vaccination diphtheria vaccination hepatitis b vaccination and prevention hib. It uses a live tb germ that has been modified in the laboratory so that it will not cause disease in a healthy person. Who should have it and why public health england, winter 201920. The ministryapproved online course tuberculosis, mantoux skin testing and bcg vaccinator update is available through the immunisation advisory centre imac as a requirement for bcg endorsement or to update your knowledge in this area. Immunisation policy for the uk is available in immunisation against infectious diseases the green book. Immunisations and chemotherapy cancer treatment cancer. Links in the table above provide more information about.
Pneumococcus can cause diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis and blood infections. The above advice differs from that for other immunocompromised patients. Bcg vaccine can be administered after birth intradermally. For example, bcg immunisation at birth elicits comparatively stronger inf that is, t cell than il. Mild soreness and a lump at the injection site sometimes occur. This includes administering vaccinations included in the childhood immunisation programme and those recommended for adults, including travel vaccines and the annual influenza vaccination. All injected vaccines are given intramuscularly unless otherwise stated. The immunisation guidelines for ireland are only available online. If a major shift in the circulating influenza virus occurs, such as during an influenza pandemic, people who are immunocompromised might benefit from receiving 2 doses of inactivated influenza vaccine, at least 4 weeks apart, for an optimal immune response. Bcg was given to all newborns between 1955 and 1982. Green book of immunisation chapter 11 the uk immunisation. Bcg vaccine fda prescribing information, side effects and uses.
Immunisation procedures use of multidose vials some vaccines are specifically provided in multidose vials e. Bcg vaccination is not recommended as it provides no benefit and there is a higher chance of sideeffects. Depending on the risk of acquiring tb, there may be benefits to vaccinating older children. Sep 11, 20 the green book has the latest information on vaccines and vaccination procedures, for vaccine preventable infectious diseases in the uk. Public health england has published updated information and guidance on tuberculosis in the green book immunisation against infectious disease. Revised recommendations for the administration of more than. Immunisation schedule definition of immunisation schedule. These sideeffects are usually minor and soon go away. Below is a summary of the benefits of flu vaccination, and selected scientific studies that support these benefits. Please read the brochure or consent form and talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist about the benefits and any possible side effects and check the consumer medicine information cmi or data sheet of these vaccines at. Travellers who should have the bcg vaccine the bcg vaccine is also recommended for people under the age of 16 who are going to live with local people for more than 3 months in an area with high rates of tb or where the risk of multidrugresistant tb is high. For the latest version of londons bcg protocol, please contact england. Vaccination, general principles treatment summary bnfc.
Anaphylaxis updated february 2019 changes to online chapters of 20 immunisation guidelines 10 january 2014. As one of the largest supplier to the nhs, pam has vast experience of providing various and complex immunisation solutions for. For many years, immunisation against infectious disease the green book has contained a recommendation that when two live vaccines are required in the same individual, then the vaccines should either be given on the same day, or separated by. Immunisationvaccine preventable diseases after clean water, vaccination is the most effective public health intervention in the world for saving lives and promoting good health. For advice on dosing schedules for missed vaccinations, and the immunisation of individuals coming to the uk, consult chapter 11, the uk immunisation schedule, in. Principles of vaccination, pink book webinar series, june 6, 2018, immunity, vaccines, antigen, antibody, types of immunity active and passive, antibody for prevention of rsv, live attenuated vaccines viral and bacterial, inactive vaccines viral and attenuated, individual response to live vaccines, population response to live vaccines. Links in the table above provide more information about the diseases and the vaccines that prevent them. Bcg vaccination enhances the immunogenicity of subsequent. The immunisations range from birth through to adulthood. Following bcg vaccination it is normal to developredness andor a small lump at the inje ction site, followed. Household contacts can safely receive live vaccines. This gives good immunity to people who receive it without actually causing the disease.
This is regardless of their previous influenza vaccination history. The flu chapter of the green book has been updated to reflect the latest guidance from the joint committee on vaccination and immunisation in readiness. National immunisation office we provide trusted, uptodate information about hse immunisation programmes for children, adults and healthcare professionals in ireland. The immunisation programme gives vaccines to babies and children at different ages. Bcg vaccine, which allows the vaccine to be administered from the same vial to a number of different individuals these vaccines are clearly labelled as multidose vials and they are designed so that doses from the vials can be given to.
Immunisation against tuberculosis is not much different orbettertoday than it was half a century age crowle et al. Nhs england and nhs improvement london immunisations. For many years, immunisation against infectious disease the green book has contained a recommendation that when two live vaccines are required in the same individual, then the vaccines should either be given on the same day, or separated by an interval of at least four weeks. Updated chapter with the latest information about a licensed bcg vaccine now available in the uk.
Immunisation of premature infants pubmed central pmc. Bcg bcg vaccine is recommended for healthcare workers who may have close. The potential for the sudden emergence of pandemic influenza virus strains represents an incessant threat on even a larger scale. Household contacts should be fully vaccinated to protect the person who is immunocompromised. The green book is the uk department of healths guide to immunisation against infectious disease.
Immunisation public health royal college of nursing. A new vaccine has been developed to act as a booster to bacille calmette guerin bcg, currently the only tb vaccine available. Bcg vaccine and vaccinator endorsement ministry of health nz. Bcg vaccination is carried out under the expanded programme of immunisation epi.
For more details see chapters 4 and 11 in the green book. Influenza vaccination is the most important measure we have to prevent influenza and its complications and is recommended for all people aged 6 months and over. The current tuberculosis tb vaccine mycobacterium bovis bcg has been employed for some 70 years in brazil and lessons from its use should be taken in account for the development or improvement of new tb vaccines. Revised recommendations for the administration of more. Because the bacteria in the vaccine is weak, it triggers the immune system to protect against the disease.
There are many reasons to get an influenza flu vaccine each year. The national immunisation program nip schedule is a series of immunisations given at specific times throughout your life. Contraindications and precautions to receiving influenza. The bcg vaccine is also recommended for people under the age of 16 who are going to live with local people for more than 3 months in an area with high rates of tb or where the risk of multidrugresistant tb is high.
The programme was initially targeted at children of schoolleaving age then 14 years, as the peak incidence of tb was in young, workingage adults. Immunisationvaccine preventable diseases hsc public. Immunisation of healthcare and laboratory staff health and safety at work under the health and safety at work act hswa 1974, employers, employees. Bcg vaccination can cause a false positive mantoux test, although a very highgrade reading is usually due to active disease the most controversial aspect of bcg is the variable efficacy found in different clinical trials, which appears to depend on geography. The scottish vaccine update issued by health protection scotland provides current information and practical advice about immunisation policy, practice and vaccine supply in. As one of the largest supplier to the nhs, pam has vast experience of providing various and complex immunisation solutions for employees in line with the. The main use of bcg is for vaccination against tuberculosis. The advisory committee on immunization practices acip provides advice and guidance to the director of the cdc regarding use of vaccines and related agents for control of vaccinepreventable diseases in the civilian population of the united states. The timetable for immunisations against various pathogens, as jointly recommended by the nhs and the uk department of health. Bcg vaccination is recommended for newborn babies of parents with leprosy or with a family history of leprosy. Influenza immunisation information including updates for public health professionals. New zealand immunisation schedule ministry of health nz. This was based on early studies with measles and smallpox vaccines, 1.
Contraindications and special considerations in addition, immunisation with live vaccines should be delayed until 6 months of age in children born to mothers who received immunosuppressive biological therapy during pregnancy. Bcg vaccination programme from july 2005 an improved targeted neonatal and other at risk based programme replaced the previous schools programme for older children 1999. The vast majority of the current population has been vaccinated with bcg, with the possible requirement for a booster immunisation in adulthood for tb protection. The bcg immunisation programme the bcg immunisation programme was introduced in the uk in 1953 and has undergone several changes in response to changing trends in tb epidemiology. The immunisation programme in the uk continues to evolve, meeting the demand to improve the control of infectious diseases through vaccination. Vaccination with the bacillus calmetteguerin bcg is among the most important tb control strategies in iran 2. Immunisation policy in scotland is set by the scottish government health directorates on the advice of the joint committee of vaccinations and immunisations jcvi external site and other appropriate bodies. Immunisation schedule treatment summary bnfc content. For your convenience, these archived publications can be used for historical and research purposes. For clinical queries, please look at the green book at. Vaccine excipient summary excipients included in u. A mild high temperature fever may develop for a day or so. The national immunisation schedule is the series of vaccines that are offered free to babies, children, adolescents and adults.
The department of healths immunisation against infectious disease the green book requires employers to vaccinate their staff where potential exposure to certain diseases exist. The schedule of vaccines listed below applies from 1 july 2019. In addition to weakened or killed disease antigens viruses or bacteria, vaccines contain very small amounts of other. Introduction of menc into childhood vaccination schedule adult immunisation programme source. The term vaccination which means protection from smallpox vaccinae meaning of the cow references back to the work of jenner. Immunisation schedule and eligibility view the free vaccine schedule, find out who is eligible, including special risk groups. Overview of immunisations immunisation programmes are designed to help protect the population from serious vaccinepreventable diseases. Active immunity can be acquired by natural disease or by vaccination. For advice on dosing schedules for missed vaccinations, and the immunisation of individuals coming to the uk, consult chapter 11, the uk immunisation schedule, in immunisation against infectious disease the green book. The green book has the latest information on vaccines and vaccination procedures, for vaccine preventable infectious diseases in the uk. For example, during 20172018, flu vaccination prevented an estimated 6. Influenza chapter 19 influenza april 2019 uptake of influenza vaccination in those aged 65 years or over and in those aged under 65 years in a clinical risk group excluding data on pregnant women in the uk is shown in table 19.
A list of courses, conferences and study days of relevance to uk health professionals working, or wishing to. Annually, influenza virus infection leads to millions of cases of severe illness worldwide and up to 500 000 deaths. Mar 20, 20 the flu chapter of the green book has been updated to reflect the latest guidance from the joint committee on vaccination and immunisation in readiness for the 2015 to 2016 influenza season. Bcg, rotavirus, live attenuated influenza vaccine laiv, oral typhoid vaccine, yellow fever. Routine immunisation for babies begins when theyre two months old. Publicly funded hepatitis a, hepatitis b, haemophilus influenzae type b, human papillomavirus, influenza, meningococcal, pertussis tdap, pneumococcal, tuberculosis and varicella vaccines are available for children and adults at high risk of some. The vaccine is 70 to 80% effective against the most severe forms of tb, such as tb. Who should not receive the pneumococcal immunisation. The course is 8 hours and is also followed by a clinical assessment component if you are not currently a bcg. Vaccination, general principles treatment summary bnf content.
Some excipients are added to a vaccine for a specific purpose. These recommendations are based on routine childhood immunisations, and the chapter the uk immunisation schedule in the public health england phe document immunisation against infectious disease green book to include hpv vaccination in all children aged 12 years and flu vaccination in children aged 210 years. Children first diagnosed or presenting aged under 1 year should be immunised according to the immunisation schedule. See the australian immunisation handbook for more details. Dec 03, 2019 there are many reasons to get an influenza flu vaccine each year. Estimates of excess winter deaths potentially attributable to influenza in the last decade in england and wales range from not determined 20052006 and 20062007 to 10,351 20082009. Vaccination for people who are immunocompromised the. Your child needs several vaccines to protect them from infections, so its important to complete their immunisation programme. Bcg, influenza nasal spray unless stable hiv infection and receiving antiretroviral. The bcg vaccine is made from a weakened strain of tb bacteria. For information on specific indications for immunisation of vulnerable groups, see chapter 7, immunisation of individuals with underlying medical conditions, in immunisation against infectious disease. Bcg immunisation and the trojan horse phenomenon of. The bcg vaccination is not part of the wa routine vaccination program it is only given in restricted circumstances. Feb 18, 2020 pneumococcal immunisation usually causes no problems.